What is Adenosine triphosphate?
ATP adenosine triphosphate, also known as adenosine triphosphate, is a high-energy phosphate compound. ATP is a source of energy in life processes, a key molecule in the extracellular purinergic signaling mechanism, and plays an important role in inflammation and some other disease conditions.
adenosine triphosphate is mainly derived from the mitochondrial respiratory chain and photosynthesis in plants, and plays a crucial role in cells.
ATP energy supply
As a direct source of energy, it is the basis of all life activities.” ATP plays a key role in the transport of large molecules such as proteins and lipids into and out of cells.
The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for the active transport mechanism to carry these molecules through the concentration gradient.
The transport of molecules into cells called endocytosis, while the transport of molecules out of cells called exocytosis.
nATP is also crucial in promoting muscle contraction. It binds to myosin to provide energy and promotes its binding to actin to form a cross bridge.
ADP and phosphate then released, and a new ATP molecule binds to myosin. This breaks the cross bridge between myosin and actin filaments, which releases myosin for the next contraction.
Cell signal transduction
ATP plays a key role in both intracellular and extracellular signaling. It easily recognized by purinergic receptors in mammalian tissues.
In the central nervous system, its release from synapses and axons activates purinergic receptors that regulate intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP levels.
Adenosine regulates neurodevelopment, immune system control, and neuronal/glial signaling.
ATP also involved in signal transduction – its phosphate groups depleted by kinases in phosphate transfer reactions, thus activating the cascade of protein kinase reactions.
Synthesis of DNA and RNA
During DNA synthesis, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) reduces sugar residues from ribonucleoside diphosphate to deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, such as dADP.
RNR regulation helps maintain the balance of deoxynucleotides (dNTP) in cells. Low concentrations of dNTP inhibit DNA synthesis and repair, while high concentrations produce mutagenesis because DNA polymerases tend to add the wrong dNTP during DNA synthesis.
Adenosine from ATP is a component of RNA that is added directly to RNA molecules during RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase. The removal of pyrophosphate provides the energy required for this reaction.
ATP maintains cellular structure
ATP plays a very important role in protecting cell structure by aiding the assembly of cytoskeletal elements. It also provides energy to the flagella and chromosomes to maintain their proper function.
The importance of ATP
ATP could potentially used as an energy source for nanotechnology and irrigation. Artificial pacemakers could benefit from this technology without the need for batteries to power them.
ATP is involved in the synthesis of proteins, fats, sugars and nucleotides.
Adenosine triphosphate is a widely existing coenzyme in the body, which is the main source of energy required by tissues and cells in the body.
ATP catalyzed by adenylate cyclase to form cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP), which a bioactive substance in cells and plays an important role in regulating many metabolic processes.
ATP provides energy for the synthesis of protein, glycogen, lecithin, urea, etc., promotes the repair and regeneration of liver cells, enhances the metabolic activity of liver cells, and has a greater pertinency for the treatment of liver disease.
But exogenous adenosine triphosphate does not easily enter cells, and the amount that may provided insignificant compared to the amount needed in the body.
The abnormal ATP content directly indicates that the body is in a pathological state, so the direct detection of adenosine triphosphate content can intuitively show the cell state.
At present, ATP detection can used in many aspects such as cell viability, cell proliferation, environmental microbial detection, drug sensitivity and anti-tumor drug screening, and plays an important role in the research of cancer, cardiovascular and other diseases.
At present, there are many best methods for ATP detection, including CCK8, MTT, luciferase and other fluorescent probes, and different methods have their advantages and disadvantages.
In summary, luciferase luminescence method is the most simple to operate, the best detection sensitivity and the most intuitive effect.